Furthermore, he warned that “no linguistic specimen may be interpreted by the science of language without a translation of its signs into other signs of the same system or into signs of another system” ( Jakobson 1959: 234), and “any comparison of two languages implies an examination of their mutual translatability widespread practice of interlingual communication, particularly translating activities, must be kept under constant scrutiny by linguistic science” ( Jakobson 1959: 234). In intralingual translation, Jakobson believes one can either use “another, more or less synonymous, word or resort to a circumlocution” ( Jakobson 1959: 233), citing the referential differences between bachelor and celibate as evidence to point out that complete equivalence in intralingual translation does not exist in interlingual translation, as he asserted, “there is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units, while messages may serve as adequate interpretations of alien code-units or messages” ( Jakobson 1959: 233). He emphasized intralingual and interlingual translations with verbal signs as reference, and dealt less with intersemiotic translation. ![]() In On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (1959), he put forth three ways of interpreting a verbal sign: “it may be translated into other signs of the same language (intralingual translation), into another language (interlingual translation), or into another, nonverbal system of symbols (intersemiotic translation)” ( Jakobson 1959: 233). Inspired and influenced by Peircean tripartites, Roman Jakobson believes “the meaning of any linguistic sign is its translation into some further, alternative sign, especially a sign ‘in which it is more fully developed,’ as Peirce, the deepest inquirer into the essence of signs, insistently stated” ( Jakobson 1959: 233). Among these, Roman Jakobson is considered the first to have applied semiotics to translation studies. Peirce (1839–1914) started to explore sign problems in terms of linguistics and philosophy respectively, followed by Charles W. ![]() In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure (1857– 1913) and Charles S.
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